UKarl Barth: Umphrofethi weBandla

Isazi semfundiso yenkolo saseSwitzerland uKarl Barth ubizwe njengesazi semfundiso yenkolo esivelele kunazo zonke futhi esingaguquguquki sesikhathi sanamuhla. UPapa Pius XII (1876–1958) wabiza uBarth ngesazi semfundiso yenkolo esibaluleke kakhulu selokhu uThomas Aquinas. Akunandaba ukuthi umbheka kanjani, uKarl Barth ube nomthelela omkhulu kubaholi besonto lobuKristu besimanje kanye nezazi ezivela emasikweni amaningi ahlukahlukene.

Iminyaka yokufunda nokuhlupheka kokholo

U-Barth wazalwa ngoMeyi 10, 1886, ekuphakameni kwethonya lemfundiso yenkolo yenkululeko eYurophu. Wayengumfundi futhi engumfundi ka-Wilhelm Herrmann (1846-1922), umlandeli ophambili wemfundiso yenkolo ebizwa ngokuthi i-anthropological, esekelwe kulokho okwenzeka kuye mathupha ngoNkulunkulu. U-Barth wabhala ngaye: U-Herrmann wayenguthisha wezenkolo ngesikhathi ngisengumfundi. [1] Kule minyaka yokuqala, uBarth naye walandela izimfundiso zesazi sezenkolo saseJalimane uFriedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834), ubaba wemfundiso yenkolo yesimanje. Ngangithambekele ekumnikeni ikhredithi ye-fide implicita [ngokungaboni] kulo lonke ibhodi, wabhala. [2]

Ngo-1911-1921 uBarth wasebenza njengomfundisi emphakathini weReformed waseSafenwil eSwitzerland. Ngo-Agasti 93, imanifesto lapho ongqondongqondo abangama-1914 baseJalimane bakhuluma ngokuvumelana nempi kaKaiser Wilhelm II yaphazamisa izisekelo zokholo lwakhe olukhululekile. Abaprofesa bezenkolo ezikhululekile uBarth ayebazisa nabo babephakathi kwabasayinile. Ngalokho-ke kweza umhlaba wonke wezincazelo, izimiso zokuziphatha, imfundiso eqinile kanye nokushumayela engangikubheka kuze kube yileso sikhathi njengothembekile ... kuze kube sezingeni lokuqala, esho.

UBarth wayekholelwa ukuthi othisha bakhe babekhaphele ukholo lobuKristu. Ngokuguqula iVangeli libe isitatimende, inkolo, mayelana nokuziqonda komKristu, umuntu ulahlekelwe umbono kaNkulunkulu obhekene nomuntu ebukhosini bakhe, afune ukulandelwa ngaye futhi enze kuye njengeNkosi.

U-Eduard Thurneysen (1888–1974), umfundisi wesigodi esingumakhelwane kanye nomngane oseduze kaBarth wezinsuku zakhe zokufunda, wabhekana nenkinga efanayo yokholo. Ngelinye ilanga uThurneysen wahlebela uBarth: Esikudingayo ekushumayeleni, ekufundiseni nasekunakekelweni komfundisi kuyisisekelo sezenkolo 'esihluke ngokuphelele'. [3]

Ngokubambisana bazabalaza ukuthola isisekelo esisha semfundiso yenkolo yobuKristu. Lapho ufunda i-ABC yenkolo futhi, kwakubalulekile ukuqala ukufunda nokutolika imibhalo yeTestamente Elidala kanye neTestamente Elisha futhi futhi ngokucabangisisa kunakuqala. Bheka, bheka, baqala ukukhuluma nathi ... [4] Ukubuyela emsukeni weVangeli kwakudingeka. Kwakudingeka ukuqala phansi futhi ngokujwayela kwangaphakathi okusha nokubona uNkulunkulu njengoNkulunkulu futhi.

AmaRoma kanye ne-Dogmatics yeSonto

Isichasiso sikaBarth esibuhlungu, uDer Römerbrief, savela ngo-1919 futhi sabukezelwa ngokuphelele uhlelo olusha ngo-1922. Incwadi yakhe ebukeziwe eya kwabaseRoma ichaze uhlelo olusha lwesibindi lapho uNkulunkulu, ngokuzimela kwakhe ngaphandle komuntu, futhi abone okwami. [5]

UBarth uthole umhlaba omusha encwadini kaPaul nakweminye imibhalo yeBhayibheli. Umhlaba lapho kungasekho khona imicabango yabantu efanele ngoNkulunkulu, kepha imicabango kaNkulunkulu olungile ngabantu yabonakala. [6] UBarth umemezele ukuthi uNkulunkulu ungomunye ngokungafani nabanye, lokho kudlula ukuqonda kwethu, okusalokhu kugobile kithi, ukuthi kuhlukile emizweni yethu futhi kuyabonakala kuphela kuKristu. UbuNkulunkulu obuqondwa kahle bukaNkulunkulu buhlanganisa: ubuntu bakhe. [7] Imfundiso yenkolo kumele ukuthi ifundisa ngoNkulunkulu nangomuntu. [8]

Ngo-1921 uBarth waba nguProfesa weReformed Theology eGöttingen, lapho afundisa khona kwaze kwaba ngu-1925. Indawo yakhe eyinhloko kwakuyi-dogmatics, ayecabanga ukuthi iyinkomba yezwi likaNkulunkulu njengesambulo, iSt. Umbhalo neNtshumayelo YamaKristu ... kuchazwe intshumayelo yangempela yobuKristu. [9]

Ngo-1925 waqokwa njengoprofesa we-dogmatics kanye ne-New Testament exegesis eMünster kwathi eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva waqokwa njengoprofesa wezenkolo ehlelekile eBonn, ayibamba kwaze kwaba ngu-1935.

Ngo-1932 washicilela ingxenye yokuqala yeChurch Dogmatics. Umsebenzi omusha wakhula unyaka nonyaka kusukela ezinkulumweni zakhe.

I-Dogmatics inezingxenye ezine: Imfundiso yezwi likaNkulunkulu (KD I), Imfundiso kaNkulunkulu (KD II), Imfundiso yendalo (KD III) kanye nemfundiso yokubuyisana (KD IV). Izingxenye ngayinye zihlanganisa imiqulu eminingana. Ekuqaleni, uBarth wayeklame umsebenzi ukuba ube nezingxenye ezinhlanu. Akakwazanga ukuqeda ingxenye yokubuyisana, futhi ingxenye yensindiso yahlala ingabhaliwe ngemva kokufa kwakhe.

UThomas F. Torrance ubiza imfundiso kaBarth ngeqhaza elikhulu kakhulu futhi eliphawuleka kakhulu emfundisweni ehlelekile yesimanjemanje. Ubheka i-KD II, izingxenye 1 no-2, ikakhulukazi imfundiso yokuthi uNkulunkulu usebenza futhi wenza uNkulunkulu, ukuba abe umvuthwandaba wemfundiso kaBarth. Emehlweni kaTorrance, i-KD IV ingumsebenzi onamandla kunayo yonke eyake yabhalwa emfundisweni yokubuyisana nokubuyisana.

UKristu: ukhethiwe futhi ukhethiwe

UBarth wabeka yonke imfundiso yobuKristu ekugxekeni okukhulu nokuchazwa kabusha ngokukhanya komzimba. Ubhale wathi: Umsebenzi wami omusha kwakuwukucabanga futhi ngiveze konke engangikusho ngaphambili ngenye indlela, okungukuthi manje njengemfundiso yenkolo yomusa kaNkulunkulu kuJesu Kristu. [10] UBarth wayefuna ukuthola ukushumayela kobuKristu njengomsebenzi omemezela izenzo ezinamandla zikaNkulunkulu hhayi izenzo namazwi abantu.

UKristu usenkabeni yezinkolelo-ze kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekugcineni. UKarl Barth wayengumfundisi wenkolo yobuKristu owayekhathazeke kakhulu ngobungqayizivele kanye nokuba seqophelweni kukaKristu kanye neVangeli lakhe (Torrance). UBarth: Uma uzikhumbula lapha, uzikhumbule ngokuphelele. [11] Le ndlela kanye nalokhu kugxila kuKristu kwamsindisa ekuweleni ogibeni lwemfundiso yenkolo yemvelo, ebeka umuntu igunya elisemthethweni phezu komlayezo kanye nesimo sebandla.

UBarth wagcizelela ukuthi uKristu wayeyigunya lokuveza nelokubuyisana lapho uNkulunkulu akhuluma khona nomuntu; emazwini kaTorrance, indawo lapho sazi khona uBaba. UNkulunkulu waziwa kuphela ngoNkulunkulu, uBarth wayevame ukusho. [12] Isitatimende ngoNkulunkulu siyiqiniso uma sihambisana noKristu; phakathi kukaNkulunkulu nomuntu kumi ubunjalo bukaJesu Kristu, uNkulunkulu uqobo futhi ungumuntu, ongumlamuleli phakathi kwalaba ababili. KuKristu uNkulunkulu uziveza kumuntu; bheka kuye futhi uyamazi umuntu uNkulunkulu.

Emfundisweni yakhe yokunqunyelwa kusengaphambili, uBarth waqala kusukela ekukhethweni kukaKristu ngomqondo ophindwe kabili: UKristu njengokhethiwe futhi wakhethwa ngasikhathi sinye. UJesu akayena uNkulunkulu okhethiweyo kuphela, kodwa futhi ungumuntu okhethiwe. [13] Ngakho-ke ukhetho kufanele luphathelene noKristu kuphela, okhethweni lakhe thina - esikhethwe nguye - esihlanganyela kulo. Ekukhanyeni kokhetho lomuntu - ngakho-ke uBarth - lonke ukhetho lungachazwa njengomusa wamahhala.

Ngaphambi nangemva kweMpi Yezwe II

Iminyaka kaBarth eBonn yaqondana nokuphakama nokuthathwa kwamandla kuka-Adolf Hitler. Inhlangano yesonto enqunywe yiNational Socialism, amaKristu aseJalimane, yafuna ukwenza uMlawuli abe ngumsindisi othunywe uNkulunkulu ngokusemthethweni.

Ngo-April 1933 i-German Evangelical Church yasungulwa ngenhloso yokwethula i-ethos yaseJalimane mayelana nobuhlanga, igazi nomhlabathi, abantu kanye nombuso (Barth) njengesisekelo sesibili kanye nomthombo wesambulo sebandla. I-Confessing Church yavela njengenhlangano ephikisayo, iphika lo mbono wobuzwe nokugxilisa abantu. U-Barth wayengomunye wezibalo zabo ezihamba phambili.

NgoMeyi 1934 washicilela iBarmer Theological Declaration edumile, evela kakhulu kuBarth futhi ekhombisa imfundiso yakhe ehlobene noKristu. Ezihlokweni eziyisithupha, lesi simemezelo sinxenxa isonto ukuba liziqondise kuphela ekwambulweni kukaKristu hhayi emandleni naseziphathimandla zabantu. Ngaphandle kwezwi elilodwa likaNkulunkulu, awukho omunye umthombo wokushumayela kwebandla.

NgoNovemba 1934, uBarth walahlekelwa yilayisense yakhe yokufundisa eBonn ngemuva kokwala ukusayina isifungo esingenamibandela sokuthembeka ku-Adolf Hitler. Ekhululekile ngokusemthethweni ehhovisi lakhe ngoJuni 1935, wanikezwa isikhundla ngokushesha eSwitzerland njengoprofesa wezenkolo eBasel, isikhundla asibamba waze wathatha umhlalaphansi ngo-1962.

Ngo-1946, ngemuva kwempi, uBarth wamenyelwa emuva eBonn, lapho abamba khona uchungechunge lwezinkulumo ezanyatheliswa ngohlaka lwangonyaka olandelayo njengeDogmatics. Ngokuya ngeSivumo Sokholo Sabaphostoli, le ncwadi ikhuluma ngezihloko uBarth azithuthukisile kwiChurch Dogmatics yakhe enamandla.

Ngo-1962 uBarth wavakashela e-United States futhi wafundisa ePrinceton Theological Seminary nase-University of Chicago. Lapho ebuzwa ukuthi alethe incazelo yezenkolo yezigidi zamagama eChurch Dogmatics kwifomula emfushane, kuthiwa wacabanga isikhashana wabe esethi:
UJesu uyangithanda, kunjalo. Ngoba umbhalo uyakhombisa. Ukuthi ukucaphuna kuyiqiniso noma cha: Le yindlela uBarth ayevame ukuphendula ngayo imibuzo. Kukhuluma ngokukholwa kwakhe okuyisisekelo sokuthi emnyombweni wevangeli kunomyalezo olula okhomba kuKristu njengoMsindisi wethu, osithanda ngothando oluphelele lwaphezulu.

UBarth wayiqonda imfundiso yakhe yezinguquko hhayi njengegama lokugcina emfundisweni yezenkolo, kodwa njengokuvulwa kwempikiswano entsha ngokuhlanganyela. [14] Ngesizotha akawuniki umsebenzi wakhe inani laphakade: Endaweni ethile esikrinini sasezulwini uyokwazi ngelinye ilanga ukufaka iDogmatics yeSonto ... abe iphepha lokungcola. [15] Ezinkulumweni zakhe zokugcina wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi ukuqonda kwakhe kwezenkolo kuzoholela ekucabangeni kabusha ngokuzayo, ngoba isonto kwakudingeka liqale phansi nsuku zonke, njalo ngehora.

Ngomhlaka 12. NgoDisemba 1968 uKarl Barth washona eBasel eneminyaka engama-82.

nguPaul Kroll

PDFUKarl Barth: UMPROFETHI weSonto

izincwadi
UKarl Barth, Ubuntu bukaNkulunkulu. I-Biel 1956
UKarl Barth, Izimfundiso Zesonto. Ivolumu I / 1. Zollikon, Zurich 1952 ditto, vol. II
UKarl Barth, Incwadi Eya KwabaseRoma. 1. Inguqulo. Zurich 1985 (njengengxenye ye-Barth Complete Edition)
 
UKarl Barth, iDogmatics ekuDilizeni. UMunich 1947
U-Eberhard Busch, ikharikhulamu kaKarl Barth. UMunich 1978
UThomas F. Torrance, uKarl Barth: I-Biblical and Evangelical Theologican. UT & T. Clark 1991

Izinkomba:
 1 Busch, ikhasi 56
 2 Busch, ikhasi 52
 3 Incwadi eya kwabaseRoma, Isandulelo, k. IX
 4 Busch, ikhasi 120
 5 Busch, amakhasi 131-132
 6 Busch, ikhasi 114
 7 Busch, ikhasi 439
 8 Busch, ikhasi 440
 9 Busch, ikhasi 168
10 Busch, ikhasi 223
11 Busch, ikhasi 393
I-12 bush, passim
13 Busch, ikhasi 315
14 Busch, ikhasi 506
15 Busch, ikhasi 507