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1914-1918: "Impi eyabulala uNkulunkulu": Impendulo eyodwa
“UNkulunkulu unathi” kwakuyisiqubulo amasosha amaningi aseJalimane aye empini eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule ayesiqophe ezibophweni zawo zamabhande. Lesi sikhumbuzo esincane esivela kungobo yomlando sisisiza ukuthi siqonde kangcono ukuthi iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ka-1914-1918 yayizoba yingozi kangakanani enkolweni yezenkolo nokholo lobuKristu. Abefundisi nabapristi babekhuthaza intsha yesonto labo ngeziqinisekiso ezivamile zokuthi uNkulunkulu wayesohlangothini lwanoma yisiphi isizwe abakuso. Ukusabela okuphambene nokuhlanganyela kwesonto empini, eyadlula ukuphila kwabantu abacishe babe izigidi eziyishumi, kuhlanganise namaJalimane ayizigidi ezimbili, kusenamandla nanamuhla.
Isazi sezenkolo esingumRoma Katolika uGerhard Lohfink salandelela lesi sigameko ngokunembile: “Iqiniso lokuthi ngo-1914 amaKristu aya ngentshiseko ukulwa namaKristu, ababhapathizwa ngokumelene nababhapathiziwe, alizange libonwe nakancane njengomsebenzi wokubhubhisa ebandleni...”. Umbhishobhi waseLondon wayenxuse amakholwa akhe ukuba alwele “uNkulunkulu nezwe,” njengokungathi uNkulunkulu udinga usizo lwethu. ESwitzerland engathathi hlangothi, umfundisi osemncane uKarl Barth wanyakaziswa kwaze kwaba yilapho ebona abafundi bakhe baseseminari behlanganyela ngokuzithandela ekumemezeni okuphithizelayo "To arms!" Ekhuluma kumagazini ohlonishwayo i-Die Christliche Welt, wabhikisha: “Kuyinto edabukisa kakhulu kimi ukubona impi nokholo lobuKristu kuhlanganiswe ukudideka okungenathemba.
"Umdlalo Wezizwe"
Izazi-mlando ziye zembula izimbangela eziqondile nezingaqondile zengxabano, eyaqala ekhoneni elincane laseBalkan futhi yadonsa imibuso emikhulu yaseYurophu. Intatheli yesiFulentshi uRaymond Aron yafingqa lokhu encwadini yakhe ethi The Century of Total War on p in the Balkans, iFranco-German Moroccan kanye nomjaho wezikhali - olwandle phakathi kweGreat Britain neJalimane kanye nasemhlabeni phakathi kwawo wonke amandla. Izimbangela ezimbili zakamuva zempi zase zilungiselele isimo; owokuqala wanikeza inhlansi evuthayo.
Izazi-mlando zezamasiko zijula nakakhulu ezimbangela. Bahlola izinto ezibonakala zinzima njengokuzigqaja ngobuzwe kanye nokwesaba okulele ekujuleni, kokubili okuvame ukusebenza ndawonye. Isazi-mlando sase-Düsseldorf uWolfgang J. Mommsen sabeka le ngcindezi ngamafuphi: “Kwakuwumzabalazo phakathi kwezinhlelo ezahlukene zezombangazwe nezobuhlakani ezakha isisekelo salokhu” ( Imperial Germany 1867-1918 [dt.: Deutsches Kaiserreich 1867-1918], ikhasi 209). Ngokuqinisekile kwakungesona nje isimo esisodwa esacwila ekuzaziseni isizwe nasekushisekeleni izwe ngo-1914. AmaBrithani akwamukela ngokukhululeka ukuthi ibutho lawo lasolwandle lasebukhosini lalilawula ingxenye yesine yomhlaba embusweni lapho ilanga lingashoni khona. AmaFulentshi ayenze iParis yaba idolobha lapho i-Eiffel Tower yayiwubufakazi bokusetshenziswa kokudala kobuchwepheshe.
“Uyajabula NjengoNkulunkulu EFrance” kwakuyisisho sesiJalimane sangaleso sikhathi. “Ngesiko” lawo elikhethekile kanye nengxenye yekhulu yekhulu leminyaka yezimpumelelo ezifezwe ngokuqinile, amaJalimane azizwa enomuzwa wokuziphakamisa, njengoba isazi-mlando uBarbara Tachman sakubeka:
"AmaJalimane ayazi ukuthi ayenamandla ezempi anamandla emhlabeni, abathengisi abanekhono kakhulu kanye nabamabhange abamatasa kakhulu, abangena kuwo wonke amazwekazi, abasekela amaTurkey ekuxhaseni ngezimali ujantshi wesitimela osuka eBerlin uye eBaghdad kanye nokuhweba kweLatin America uqobo. babazi ukuthi babeyinselelo emandleni emikhumbi yempi yamaNgisi, futhi ngokomqondo bakwazi ukuhlela ngokuhlelekile yonke imikhakha yolwazi ngokwesimiso sesayensi. Babeyijabulela ngokufanele indima ebusa umhlaba wonke (The Proud Tower, p. 331).
Kuyamangaza ukuthi igama elithi "ukuziqhenya" livela kaningi kangakanani ekuhlaziyeni kwezwe eliphucuzekile ngaphambi kuka-1914, futhi kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi akuzona zonke izinguqulo zeBhayibheli ezikhiqiza isaga esithi "Ukuziqhenya kuza ngaphambi kokuwa", kodwa kwenza, isibonelo, ebhayibhelini lamaLuthela ka 1984 ngamagama alungile nawo asho ukuthi: “Obhubhayo uyakuzidla kuqala” (Izaga 1)6,18).
Kwakungezona izindlu kuphela, amapulazi kanye nenani labantu besilisa bedolobhana elincane elalizoba yizisulu zokubhujiswa. Inxeba elikhulu kakhulu elatholwa isiko laseYurophu kwaba yilokho abanye ababekubiza ngokuthi "ukufa kukaNkulunkulu." Ngisho noma inani labasonta eJalimane lalihla emashumini eminyaka ngaphambi kuka-1914 futhi umkhuba wenkolo yobuKristu kulo lonke elaseNtshonalanga Yurophu wawuqhutshwa ngokuyinhloko ngendlela "yokukhonza izindebe", ukukholelwa kuNkulunkulu onomusa kwancipha kubantu abaningi ekuchithekeni kwegazi okunyantisayo emiseleni, okwaphumela ekubulaweni okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili.
Izinselelo zezikhathi zanamuhla
Njengoba umlobi uTyler Carrington aphawula lapho ekhuluma ngeYurophu Ephakathi, isonto njengenhlangano “lalilokhu liwohloka njalo ngemva kwawo-1920” futhi okubi nakakhulu, “namuhla, inani labantu abaya esontweni liphansi kakhulu.” Manje kwakungenjalo ukuthi ngaphambi kuka-1914 umuntu wayengakhuluma ngeNkathi Yegolide Yokholo. Uchungechunge lokungenelela okude oluvela ekamu lezenkolo labameli bendlela ebucayi yomlando lwaluholele enqubweni eqhubekayo yokuguguleka kokukholelwa ekwambulweni kwaphezulu. Emuva ngo-1835 no-1836, incwadi kaDavid Friedrich Strauss ethi, The Life of Jesus, Ehlelwe Ngokuhlaziya yayingabaza ubunkulunkulu bukaKristu obungokwesiko. Ngisho no-Albert Schweitzer ongenabugovu, encwadini yakhe yango-1906 ethi History of the Life of Jesus Research, waveza uJesu njengomshumayeli omsulwa we-apocalyptic, ekugcineni owayengumuntu olungile kunoNkulunkulu-umuntu. Kodwa-ke, kwaba kuphela ngokudumazeka kanye nomuzwa wokukhashelwa ukuthi izigidi zamaJalimane nabanye abantu baseYurophu baqaphela ngemva kuka-1918 ukuthi lo mzimba womcabango wafinyelela "ebuningini obubucayi". Amamodeli okucabanga angajwayelekile avela ebhodini lokudweba, njenge-psychology kaFreud, inkolelo ka-Einstein yokuhlobana, iMarxism-Leninism futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke isitatimende esingaqondakali sikaFriedrich Nietzsche esithi "UNkulunkulu ufile [...] futhi sambulala". Kwabaningi abasinda eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala kwabonakala sengathi izisekelo zabo zazizanyazanyiswe ngokungenakulungiseka. Iminyaka yawo-1920 yangenisa inkathi ye-jazz eMelika, kodwa kumuntu waseJalimane ovamile kwakuyisikhathi esibuhlungu kakhulu, ehlushwa ukunqotshwa kanye nokuwa komnotho. Ngo-1922, isinkwa sabiza amamaki angu-163, inani elafinyelela inani eliphakeme kumamaki angu-1923 200.000.000 ngo.
Ngisho nalapho i-Weimar Republic (1919-1933) encike kwesokunxele izama ukumisa ukuhleleka okuthile, izigidi zazithola zidonswa ubuso bempi obungahloniphi, njengoba kuvezwe u-Erich Maria Remarque encwadini yakhe ethi Nothing New in the West. Amasosha abephuma ezindlini aphatheke kabi ngenxa yomehluko phakathi kwalokhu obekutshelwa ngempi ekude nempi kanye neqiniso ebeliziveze kuwona amagundane, izintwala, amagobolondo, amazimuzimu kanye nokudutshulwa kweziboshwa zakuleli. impi. “Kwasakazwa amahlebezi okuthi ukuhlasela kwethu kwakuhambisana nezinsimbi zomculo nokuthi impi yethu yayiwumsangano omude wengoma nokunqoba [...] Yithi sodwa esazi iqiniso ngempi; ngokuba laliphambi kwamehlo ethu” (icashunwe kuFerguson, The War of the World, p. 119).
Ngenxa yalokho, naphezu kokuzinikela kwawo ngokwemibandela eyayibekwe uMongameli waseMelika uWoodrow Wilson, amaJalimane kwadingeka abekezelele ibutho elalidlangile - elaliboshelwe ukubuyisela imali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-56 zamaRandi, futhi lalahlekelwa yizindawo ezinkulu eMpumalanga Yurophu (kanye namakoloni ayo amaningi) futhi esongela. ngokulwa emigwaqweni ngamaqembu amakhomanisi. Ukuphawula kukaMongameli uWilson ngesivumelwano sokuthula amaJalimane okwadingeka asisayine ngo-1919 kwakuwukuthi uma engumJalimane wayengeke asisayine. Isikhulu saseBrithani uWinston Churchill waprofetha: "Lokhu akukhona ukuthula, kodwa isivumelwano seminyaka engu-20". Yeka ukuthi wayeqinisile!
Ukholo lokuhlehla
Ukholo kwadingeka lwamukele izithiyo ezinkulu kule minyaka yangemva kwempi. Umfundisi uMartin Niemöller (1892-1984), owawina i-Iron Cross futhi kamuva wathathwa amaNazi, wabona "iminyaka yobumnyama" ngawo-1920. Ngaleso sikhathi, iningi lamaProthestani aseJalimane lalingamalungu eBandla lamaLuthela noma iReformed Church angu-28, elinamaBaptist noma amaWeseli ambalwa. UMartin Luther wayekade engummeli oqinile wokulalela igunya lezombangazwe cishe nganoma iyiphi indlela. Kuze kube yilapho kwakhiwa umbuso wesizwe ngesikhathi sika-Bismarck ngawo-1860, amakhosana namakhosi ezweni laseJalimane babesebenzise amandla phezu kwamasonto. Lokhu kwakha izimo ezikahle zegama eliyingozi emphakathini jikelele. Nakuba izazi zemfundiso yenkolo ezidumile emhlabeni wonke zazixoxa ngezindawo ezingacacile zemfundiso yenkolo, ukukhulekela eJalimane kwakulandela isimiso sokukhulekela, futhi ukuphikiswa kwamaJuda kwamasonto kwakuyinto evamile yangaleso sikhathi. Umlobeli waseJalimane uWilliam L. Shirer wabika ngoqhekeko ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I:
“Ngisho neRiphabhulikhi yaseWeimar yayisiqalekiso kubefundisi abaningi bamaProthestani; hhayi nje ngenxa yokuthi kwaholela ekuketulweni kwamakhosi namakhosana, kodwa nangenxa yokuthi ngokuyinhloko kwakukweleta ukusekela kwayo kumaKatolika namaSocialists.” Iqiniso lokuthi iShansela likaReich u-Adolf Hitler wasayina isivumelwano neVatican ngo-1933 libonisa indlela izingxenye ezikha phezulu zeJalimane. UbuKristu base . Singabona ukuthambekela kokuhlukana phakathi kokholo lobuKristu nabantu uma siqaphela ukuthi abantu abavelele ebandleni abanjengoMartin Niemöller noDietrich Bonhoeffer (1906-1945) bamele okuhlukile kulo mthetho. Ezincwadini ezinjengeNachfolge, uBonhoeffer waqokomisa ubuthakathaka bamasonto njengezinhlangano, ngokombono wakhe, ezingasenaso isigijimi sangempela ayengasinikeza mayelana nokwesaba kwabantu eJalimane lekhulu lama-20. “Lapho ukholo lwasinda khona,” kubhala isazi-mlando uScott Jersak, “lalingeke lusancika ezwini lesonto elalifuna ukuba semthethweni kwaphezulu ekuchithekeni kwegazi [okungalawuliwe okunjalo] [njengango-1914-1918].” Wanezela: “Umbuso kaNkulunkulu alimeleli ukuba nethemba elingenalutho noma ukuhlehla ngokushelela endaweni engcwele egadiwe. Isazi semfundiso yenkolo esingumJalimane uPaul Tillich (1886-1965), owaphoqeleka ukuba ashiye eJalimane ngo-1933 ngemva kokukhonza njengomfundisi eMpini Yezwe I, waqaphela ukuthi amasonto amaningi aseJalimane ayevalwe umlomo noma enziwe angenamsebenzi. Babengeke bakwazi ukusebenzisa izwi elicacile ukuze banxenxe abantu nohulumeni kokubili ukuthi bathwale umthwalo wemfanelo futhi bashintshe. “Singajwayele ukukhuphukela phezulu, sashanelwa phansi,” wabhala kamuva, ebhekisela kuHitler noMbuso Wesithathu (1933-1945). Njengoba sesibonile, izinselele zezikhathi zanamuhla bezilokhu zisebenza. Kwadingeka ukwesabeka kanye nesiyaluyalu sempi yezwe enzima ukuveza umphumela wako ogcwele.
Ufile noma uyaphila?
Ngakho imiphumela ebhubhisayo ‘yempi eyabulala uNkulunkulu’ hhayi eJalimane kuphela. Ukusekela kwesonto uHitler kwasiza ekuletheni ukwesaba okubi nakakhulu, iMpi Yezwe II. Kulo mongo kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi uNkulunkulu wayesaphila kulabo abamethembayo. Osemusha okuthiwa uJürgen Moltmann kwadingeka abone indlela ukuphila kwabaningi ayefunda nabo esikoleni esiphakeme okwaqedwa ngayo ekuqhunyisweni okubi kwebhomu eHamburg. Nokho, ekugcineni, lesi sigameko saholela ekuvuselelweni kokholo lwakhe, njengoba abhala:
“Ngo-1945 ngangiyisiboshwa sempi ekamu laseBelgium. UMbuso WaseJalimane wawuwile. Isiko laseJalimane labhekana nenxeba elibulalayo e-Auschwitz. Idolobha lakithi iHamburg laliyincithakalo, futhi kimi kwakungeyona into ehlukile. Ngazizwa ngilahliwe uNkulunkulu nomuntu futhi amathemba ami obusha ashabalala [...] Kulesi simo, umfundisi waseMelika wanginika iBhayibheli ngaqala ukulifunda”.
Lapho uMoltmann ehlangana nesiqephu seBhayibheli lapho uJesu ememeza esiphambanweni: “Nkulunkulu wami, Nkulunkulu wami, ungishiyeleni” (Mathewu 2)7,46) ecashunwa, waqala ukuwuqonda kangcono umyalezo owumongo wesigijimi sobuKristu. Uyachaza: “Ngaqonda ukuthi loJesu ungumzalwane waphezulu ekuhluphekeni kwethu. Unika abathunjiweyo nabalahliwe ithemba. Uyena osikhululayo emacaleni asisindayo futhi asiphuca noma yimaphi amathemba ekusasa [...] Ngibe nesibindi sokukhetha ukuphila esikhathini lapho ubungase ulungele ukunikela ngakho konke ukuphela ku. Lokho kuhlanganyela kwasekuqaleni noJesu, umfowethu osizini, akukaze kungenze ngihluleke kusukela ngaleso sikhathi” ( Who Is Christ for Us Today?, pp. 2-3).
Emakhulwini ezincwadi, izihloko nezinkulumo, uJürgen Moltmann uqinisekisa ukuthi uNkulunkulu akafile, ukuthi uyaqhubeka ephila emoyeni ophuma endodaneni yakhe, leyo amaKristu ayibiza ngokuthi uJesu Kristu. Yeka indlela okuhlaba umxhwele ngayo ukuthi ngisho nangemva kweminyaka eyikhulu ngemva kwalokho okuthiwa “impi eyabulala uNkulunkulu” abantu basayithola indlela yokudlula ezingozini neziyaluyalu zesikhathi sethu kuJesu Kristu.
nguNeil Earle
